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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Instilut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiqut»s 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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Origi 
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y 


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SOX 


24X 


28X 


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Harold  Campbell  Vaughan  Memorial  Library 

Acadia  University 


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de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gnuche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


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2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

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5 

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mmnm 


Uuprlnted  from  Jonmal  ofthe  KewEDgltind  Water  Workn 
Asioofation,  Vol.  XIII.,  No.  4. 


CLEAKIKG  A  WATER  MAIN  IN  ST.  JOHN.  N.  B. 


— BTf— 

WILLUM  MUBDOCH,  O.  E. 

Engineer  Water  Works. 


ThB  Dat  Pbiht,  New  Iiondon,  Conn. 


NEW  ENGLAND  WATER  WORKS  ASSOCIATION. 


333 


CLEANING  A  WATER  MAIN  IN  ST.  JOHN,  N.  B. 

BY   WILLIAM   MURDOCH,  C.  E.,  ENGINEER  WATER  WORKS. 

The  city  of  Saint  John  is  supplied  with  water  from  two  sources 
about  12  miles  apart,  the  east  side  of  the  harbor,  which  contains 
the  larger  part  of  the  population,  taking  its  water  from  Little 
River,  and  the  west  side  supply  coming  from  Spruce  Lake. 

The  east  side  mains  are  three  in  number,  as  follows:  No.  1,  laid 
in  1851,  12  inches  diameter;  No.  2,  laid  in  1857  and  No.  3,  laid  in 
1873,  each  24  inches  diametei.  Neither  of  the  pipes  had  ever  been 
cleaned  and  Nos.  1  and  2  had  not  been  varnished.  No.  3  however, 
was  coated  according  to  Dr.  Smith's  process.  The  length  of  each 
main  is  4^  miles. 

The  reservoir  from  which  the  supply  is  taken  is  formed  by 
damming  the  river  with  an  embankment  300  feet  in  length  and 
20  feet  high,  causing  the  surface  to  stand  at  an  elevation  of  IGO  feet 
above  H.  W.  datum  in  the  harbor,  whilst  the  summit  of  the  city 
is  130  feet  above  datum  and  five  miles  from  the  reservoir.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  with  a  gravitation  system,  the  pressure  on  the 
summit  is  very  low;  indeed,  in  zero  weather,  it  has  been  known  to 
disappear  entii-ely  and  the  water  actually  fall  away  from  the, pipes 
and  leave  them  empty. 

The  two  older  mains  had  become  so  foul  through  internal  incrus- 
tation that  when  No.  3  was  shut  off  for  repairs  and  the  city  depended 
on  the  other  two  pipes,  all  the  portions  at  a  height  of  80  feet  or 
more  above  datum,  comprising  an  area  of  about  200  acres  and 
containing  a  population  of  about  8500  souls,  were  without  water. 
On  the  other  hand,  with  No.  2  shut  off  and  supply  coming  by  Nos. 
1  and  3,  every  pipe  was  full  and  water  delivered  at  a  level  of  130 
feet.  This  was  an  ample  demonstration  of  the  foulness  of  the  old 
mains  as  compared  with  that  last  laid. 

In  the  summer  of  1897,  the  Common  Council  passed  an  order 
directing  that  the  mains  be  cleaned,  and  preparations  were  forth- 
with  begun.     There  being  no  hatch  boxes   on   these   pipes>  such 


i^i^H-  5^2 


334 


JOURNAL   OF   THK 


fittings  were  designed  and  cast,  and  when  they  were  placed  in  posi- 
tion the  work  of  cleaning  began.  Meanwhile  a  scrajier  was  de- 
signed and  constructed  in  the  workshops  of  the  department,  the 
pistons  being  of  birch,  built  in  layers  crossing  the  grain  and  bolted 
together  as  shown  in  cut  (Fig.  1).     The  spindle  connecting  the 


Fig.  1.     First  Scraper  Used. 

pistons  is  of  3  inch  wrought  iron  pipe,  and  the  Hanges  of  the  ordi- 
nary kinds  screwed  on  and  rivettodto  prevent  backing  out  and  falling 
apart  when  inside  the  pipe.  Projecting  beyond  the  forward  piston 
is  an  iron  rod,  fitted  with  two  sets  of  radial  arms,  four  in  each  set, 
sloping  back,  as  shown  in  the  photograph.  During  the  operations 
in  the  year  1897  this  style  of  arm  and  cutters  w^is  used,  and  with 
this  we  will  first  deal.  Each  arm  consisted  of  one  layer  of  No.  10, 
B.  W.  (t.  spring  steel,  two  inches  wide,  and  was  fitted  with  a  forged 
steel  fish-tail  scraper  made  of  such  a  form  that  it  passed  over  any 
hard  obstructions  and  yet  reduced  the  incrustation  considerably 

with  each  cut. 

The  only  main  operated  upon,  thus  far,  has  been  No.  2,  which 


NRW   ENGLAND   WATER   WORKS   ASSOCIATION. 


3.'35 


had  an  internal  coating  of  tubercles  varying  up  to  about  one  inch  in 
height,  closely  packed  all  over  the  interior  surface  of  the  pipe  and 
resembling  in  appearance  that  of  a  coarse,  jjcbbly  walk.  As  soou 
as  the  first  section,  which  extended  from  the  reservoir  toward  the 
city,  a  distance  of  about  ChVM)  feet,  had  been  prepared  with  a  hatch 
box  at  each  end,  the  cleaner  was  sent  through  and  given  three  runs  in 
one  afternoon,  the  time  taken  in  each  case  being  about  20  minutes. 

There  is  one  Hushing  branch  near  the  middle  of  this  section  and 
another  placed  at  Hatch  Box  No.  2  which  had  been  set  close  to  a 
main  stoi>  cock,  (the  said  stop  cock  being  shut  tight).  .Thes'e  flush- 
ing branches  were  left  open  in  each  case  until  after  the  apparatus 
had  gone  by.  The  water  on  such  occasions  was  inky  black,  and 
after  running  about  ten  minutes  weakened  to  the  color  of  tea.  In 
the  evening  when  the  operations  were  finished  a  two  hours'  run  was 
given  to  clarify  the  water  before  opening  the  main  stop  cock  and 
placing  the  pipe  again  into  service. 

Section  No.  2  measures  about  G,8G0  feet  and  rsaches  to  the  next 
main  stop  cock  near  the  front  of  which  Hatch  Box  No.  3  was 
placed.  In  order  to  give  the  first  section  another  cleaning,  the  ap- 
paratus was  run  through  both  sections,  a  distance  of  about  13,200 
feet.  This  time  our  cleaner  came  to  grief,  temporarily,  in  the  fol- 
ing  manner  :  The  leathers,  having  worn  out  during  the  first  clean- 
ing, were  renewed  with  a  harder  and  stiffer  quality  than  before, 
but  they  repeatedly  caught  in  a  new  joint  made  while  inserting  the 
hatch  box.  Each  time  the  lid  was  removed  to  ascertain  why  the 
cleaner  did  not  start,  it  was  found  firmly  fixed  by  this  imperfect 
butt  of  the  two  pipe  ends.  After  twice  extricating  it,  and  again 
finding  it  caught  in  the  same  way,  a  jack-screw  was  applied  to  push 
it  past  this  obstruction,  the  lid  was  again  put  on,  and  the  water  let 
in  at  4.05  p.  m,  and  this  time  it  started.  At  each  of  the  five  flush- 
ing stations  the  gate  was  left  open  fully  ten  minutes  after  the 
cleaner  had  passed,  ind  then  closed.  As  soon  as  the  gate  Avas 
closed  the  cleaner  again  proceeded,  and  the  scraper,  with  only  one 
piston,  reached  the  end  of  its  run  at  5.25  p.  m.,  having  been  one 
hour  and  twenty  minutes  going  2.5  miles  ;  but  when  50  minutes  of 
total  stoppages  are  reckoned,  the  machine  was  found  to  have  been 
in  motion  30  minutes.  As  stated,  only  the  forward  part  of  the 
cleaner  arrived,  and  search  had  to  be  made  for  the  remainder. 
Nothing  was  done  on  the  following  day,   which  was  Sunday,  the 


33G 


JOURNAL  OF   THE 


castaway  piston,  which  was  lyin^  obliquely  somewhere  in  the  pipe, 
having  but  partially  obstructed  the  How,  and  the  water  was  left  on 
until  the  Monday  night  following. 

A  receiving  chamber  unites  Nos.   2  and  :}  mains,  near  No.  3 
hatch  box,   and  they  are  controlled  by  stop-cocks  on  each  side  of 
the  receiver.     It  was  therefore  an  easy  matter  to  reverse  the  cur- 
rent of  water  in  No.   !}  by  closing  the  stop-cock  at  the  dam^and 
opening  that  at  the  receiver,  as  well  as  the  Hushing  branches.    This 
was  done,  and  men  were  distributed  along  the  line  to   listen   for  a 
rumbling  noise,  which  at  length  was  heard   withii.  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  of  Hatch  Box  No.  ',i,  from  which  the  cleaner  had  been  ex- 
tracted.    The  sound  was  followed  along  the  line  towards  the  reser- 
voir until  Hatch  Box   No.   2  was  reached,  when  the  derelict  was 
taken  out,  after  having  travelled  nearly  a  mile,  and  crossed  a  valley 
about  90  feet  in  depth.     It  was  fouml  that  the  pressure  of  the  jack- 
screw  in  forcing  the  cleaner  past  the  uneven  joint  had  cracked  one 
of  the  flanges,  with  the  result  that  after  having  travelled  about  2i 
miles,  the  cleaner  fell  apart.     The  forward  pa^-t,  comprising  a  pis- 
ton and  the  scraper,  pushed  on,  but  the  spindle  attached  to  the  rear 
piston  fell  to  the  bottom  of  the  pipe,  ploughed  up  some  dirt,  and 
finally  became  embedded  and  jammed.     The  reverse  current  strik- 
ing the  piston  as  it  did,  drove  it  back  with  the  spindle  trailing  be- 
hind.    The  apparatus   was  repaired  and  three  more   runs   made 
through  this  double  section  of  13,200  feet,  on  October  29Mi,  with- 
out any  further  mishap,  the  time  taken  for  each  run,  including  10 
minutes'  stoppage  at  each  of  the  five  fluslilng  stations,  having  been 
from   1   hour  46  minutes  to   1   hour   and  5-1   mitmtes.     The   cold 
weather  being  on  when  the   next  castings  arrived,  cleaning  oper- 
ations were  susjjended  for  the  season. 

On  testing  the  efficiency  of  the  cleaned  main  by  shutting  off  No. 
3  from  the  reservoir  to  the  receiving  chamber,  where  both  unite, 
and  bringing  the  supply  through  Nos.  1  and  2,  it  was  found  that 
the  pressure  in  the  city  wf>s  as  good  as  when  No.  2  was  shut  and 
the  whole  supply  coming  through  Nos.  1  and  3,  thereby  showing 
that  the  capacity  of  No.  2  had  improvad  to  such  an  extent  that, 
whereas  with  No.  1  it  had  formerly  delivered  to  a  height  of  80 
feet  only,  v/hen  unassisted  by  No.  3,  and  left  200  acres  of  the  city 
containing  8, .500  inhabitants  without  water,  now  the  whole  city 
could  be  supplied  without  the  help  of  No.  3,  and  the  water  rise  to 


NEW   ENOLAND    WATER   WORKS   ASSOCIATION. 


337 


a  height  of  VM  iwt  ul)f>ve  high  water.  The  cjenernl  improvement 
in  pressure,  with  all  <he  mains  on,  was  found  to  be  about  four 
feet. 

The  operation  was  resumed  last  summer,  the  first  run  having 
been  made  June  Dth,  1898,  with  the  same  apparatus  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding season.  After  carefully  studying  the  action  of  the  cleaner 
and  giving  it  several  runs,  it  was  found  that  an  improvement  could 
be  made  in  the  scraper,  which  was  ac(;ordingly  done,  and  each  arm 
fitted  with  a  steel  cutter  that  would  not  clog.  It  was  also  found 
that  the  arms  could  be  stiffened  without  any  risk  of  the  machine 
sticking,  and  this  was  done  also.  The  final  outcome  of  all  the 
improvements  was  an  apparatus  of  which  the  cut  on  page  338  is  a 
photograph. 

This  scraper  cut  through  all  the  deposit  to  the  baio  iron,  an 
inspection  at  the  termination  of  the  work  having  shown  that  only 
the  scars  or  imprints  of  the  tubercles  romained  on  the  interior  sur- 
face of  the  pipe,  and  it  was  almost  as  smooth  as  when  firs-t  made. 

The  whole  amount  of  material  removed  was  not  measured,  as 
the  tiushing  branches  deliver  into  the  brooks,  and  the  supply  of 
water  having  been  abundant,  the  dirt  was  generally  carried  off  in 
liquid  form,  the  color  of  the  liquid  becoming  black  as  the  cleaner 
approached  within  one  thousand  feet  or  so  of  the  flushing  station. 
An  estimate  may  be  had  by  bearing  in  mind  that  the  average  thick- 
ness of  the  deposit  was  fully  three-quarters  of  an  inch,  and  the 
length  of  the  main  22,700  feet.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  about 
330  cubic  yards  were  removed. 

In  the  Marsh  Creek,  at  the  terminal  flushing  pipe,  quite  an  ex- 
tensive bar  was  formed  by  the  material  discharged  from  the  main, 
the  dimensions  being  about  12  feet  by  8  feet,  but  the  current  car- 
ried a  large  quantity  away. 

When  flushing  into  Little  River,  by  means  of  three  different 
branches  within  one  mile  of  Silver  Falls,  the  water  of  the  Falls 
assumed  the  color  of  sti-ong  coffee,  and  Major's  Brook  looked  like 
a  sewer  at  its  confluence  with  the  Marsh  Creek,  though  it  had 
received  the  flushings  of  the  main  7, .100  feet  further  up.  These 
facts  are  given  to  show  tb'^  impossibility  of  measuring  the  material 
taken  out  of  the  pipe. 

At  hatch  box  No.  3,  where  the  cleaner  was  taken  out  fifteen 
times   when  cleaning   the   upper  end   of  the  main,  108  bushels  of 


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o 

Si 


hoavy  uiiiierinl,  whicli  would  not  How  ot^  l»y  tlie  driiin,  romaiiicd, 
and  liad  to  Ix?  t.iken  up  in  buckets  as  it  aceuniulated,  but  all  the 
more  pulvornlent  scrapini^s  \v«u'('  parrieu  otV  in  tb»'  drain,  and,  as 
Btatod,  blackoned  tlio  \valm\s  of  the  Iji'ook  upwards  of  a  niik  away. 
At  tho  other  hatch  boxes,  where  the  current  was  much  stronjjier, 
an  agt^n'fjata  of  44  bushels  had  to  ))e  hoisted  out. 

The  improvement  in  pressure,  ascertained  in  the  same  numner 
as  at  the  end  ot  the  1H!)7  cleaning,  viz.:  by  sending?  the  whole 
city's  sujtply  throuf^li  Xo.  1  and  No.  2,  and  leaving?  No.  8  shut  off 
during  tlie  test,  amounted  to  eleven  feet,  that  is  to  say,  that  the 
two  pipes  whose  combined  capacity  before  tho  cleaning  began  was 
only  equal  to  that  of  raising  the  water  80  feet,  can  at  the  present 
lime  supply  the  whole  district  and  deliver  up  to  a  level  of  141  feet 
above  high  \vat<  v  datum  in  the  harbor. 

The  lightness  of  the  cleaner  is  a  great  advantafije,  tho  entire 
weight  boirig  but  2<i;j  p',)unds,  and  tho  bulky  portion  oeing  made  of 
wood,  which  weighs  less  than  the  water  itself,  it  floated  along  with 
the  water.  This  quality  was  well  exemplified  when  the  broken 
portion  was  taken  from  tho  main,  as  already  related. 

The  hatch  boxes  are  of  cast  iron,  consisting  of  a  section  of  pipe 
with  the  upper  half  removable,  and  secured  in  phico  by  means  of 
screw  bolts  and  nuts,  the  Manges  being  gasketted  with  Tuck's  li-inch 
round  packing,  which  adapted  itself  to  all  the  iue<|ualities  of  the 
easting,  and  to  the  curved  form  of  the  flange.  Each  one  weiglis 
about  'J,:300  pounds,  and  takes  2G  square-necked  bolts,  besides  18 
feet  of  Tuck's  packing.  On  completing  each  one,  the  pit  was 
walled  up  with  dry  rubble  and  covered  with  tind)er.  outside  the 
city.  Inside  the  city,  the  covering  was  arched  in  masonry  and 
cement,  and  an  iron  manhole  left  in  the  crown,  the  manhole  ueing 
large  enough  to  pass  the  cleaner  tlirough. 

The  force  employed  to  operate  the  cleaner  consisted  of  a  fore- 
man, one  mechanic,  two  watchers,  six  assistants  and  two  express 
teams  and  di-ivers.  The  watchers  walked  the  line  on  the  cleaner 
being  started,  and  had  no  ditHeulty  in  following  the  sound  outside 
the  city,  but  on  coming  inside  the  city  limits,  the  noise  of  the  traf- 
fic drowned  the  sound  of  the  cleaner,  and  all  that  remained  was  to 
watch  and  wait  for  its  arrival  at  the  terminal  hatch  box.  Outside 
the  city,  the  grating  sound  as  it  .aoved  along  was  so  plain  that  it 
could  be  distinctly  heard  at  a  distance  of  40  feet,  although  the 


340 


JOURNAL  OF   THE 


\ 


8 

n 

[  w 
m 


,\ 


NEW   ENGLAND   WATER  WORKS  ASSOCIATION.  341 

pipes  have  from  three  to  six  feet  of  covering.  The  diity  of  the 
teams  was  to  transport  the  cleaner  and  men  back  to  the  first  hatch 
box  for  each  successive  run.  Men  were  placed  at  flushing  stations 
to  operate  the  stop-cocks — two  men  at  each.  Their  duties  were 
also  to  assist  in  operating  and  closing  the  hatch  boxes  and  placing 
the  cleaner. 

The  cost  of  the  work  was  as  follows  : 

Furn:  aing  and  placing  in  position  niue  24-inch  and  four 
1'2-inch  batch  boxes,  being  the  number  required  on 
all  three  lines  of  pipe $3,468.95 

Proportionate  cost  of  installation     chargeable  to  No.  2 

main .' $1,513.15 

Cost  of  one  24-iuch  cleaner 40,00 

Total  cost  of  operating  cleaner 274.42 

The  runs  made  by  the  cleaner  through  the  different  sections  in 
No.  2  main  numbei-ed  fifty-seven  in  all,  and  the  whole  distance 
travelled  was  94.5  miles,  as  follows  : 


From 
Hatch 
Box. 


No.  1 
No.  1 
No.  4 

No.  2 
No.  3 


To 

Number 

Distance 

Hatch 

of 

in  Mih's 

Box. 

Kuns. 

Each  Kun. 

No.  2 

10 

1.2 

No.  3 

IH 

2.5 

No.  5 

11 

1.0 

No,  3 

y 

1.3 

No.  5 

11 

1.8 

Total 
Distance 
in  Miles. 


12.0 
40.0 
11.0 
11.7 
19.8 


It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  cost  of  cutting  this  main,  providing 
and  placing  f'-e  hatch  boxes,  quarrying  stone  and  walling  there- 
with the  pits  containing  them,  restoring  the  surface  of  the  ground 
and  making  the  cleaner,  amounted  to  $1,553.15,  or  $361.20  per 
mile,  and  the  operating  expense  of  cleaning  the  main,  which  meas- 
ures 4.3  miles,  was  $6.38  per  mile  of  pipe  cleaned. 

discussion. 
Mr.  Dextku  Brackett. 

In  connection  with  Mr.  Murdoch's  very  interesting  and  instruct- 
ive paper,  a  brief  description  of  similar  work  done  on  the  Boston 
Water    '^^orks  in  1886  and  1887  may  be  of  interest. 

The  pipes  laid  in  Boston  from  1848  to  1868  were  uncoated,  and 
the  interior  surface  of  the  pipes  is  covered  with  a  coating  of  tub- 


342 


JOURNAL   OF   THE 


ercles  from  |  inch  to  1^  inch  in  thickness.  This  coating,  as  proved 
by  Mr.  Murdoch's  statistics,  very  seriously  affects  the  deUvering 
capacity  of  the  pipes,  and,  in  the  case  of  the  smaller  sizes,  renders 
them  practically  useless  for  are  supply. 

The  pipes  cleaned  in  Boston  were  not  the  supply  mains,  but  the 
distributing  pipes  in  the  streets,  the  sizes  cleaned  being  6  inches 
and  12  inches  in  diameter.  In  cleaning  these  pipes  the  conditions 
were  somewhat  different  from  those  of  Mr.  Murdoch,  whose  work 
was  done  on  a  pipe  of  larger  size,  where  there  were  probably  few, 
if  any,  service  pipe  connections.  As  many  of  the  service  stop- 
cocks project  into  the  pipes  from  i  inch  to  f  inch,  it  was  necessary 
to  have  the  scraper  arranged  so  as  to  pass  by  such  obstructions, 
and  at  the  same  time  remove  the  coating  of  tubercles.  The  ma- 
chine, which  was  very  successfully  used,  consisted  of  a  flexible 
central  shaft  about  three  and  one-half  feet  in  length,  composed  of 
coiled  steel  springs  connecting  small  castings,  to  \  'hich  were  hinged 
two  sets  of  steel  scrapers,  arranged  radially  around  the  shaft  about 
twelve  inches  apart.  The  scrapers  were  kept  against  the  sides  of 
the  pipe  by  coiled  springs,  which  permitted  them  to  turn  back  so 
as  to  pass  taps  or  other  obstacles.  Back  of  the  scrapers 
were  two  rubber  pistons  placed  about  two  feet  apart  so  as 
to  ensure  a  pressure  on  the  machine  when  passing  branches. 
The  scraper  was  operated  in  a  manner  very  similar  to  that 
used  by  Mr.  Murdoch,  except  that  no  hatch  boxes  were  placed 
in  the  mains.  A  section  was  cut  out  of  the  pipe  long  enough  to 
receive  tlie  scraper,  which  was  then  inserted,  and  the  joints  made  with 
lead  in  the  ordinary  manner,  except  that  elamp  sleeves  were  used 
so  that  the  section  could  be  again  easily  removed  and  the  scraper 
inserted  if  desired.  A  similar  piece  was  cut  from  the  pipe  at  the 
other  end  of  the  main  to  be  cleaned,  and  the  scraper  was  forced 
through  the  pipe  by  the  ordinary  water  pressure,  which  varied 
from  30  to  45  pounds. 

As  occupants  of  buildings  on  the  line  of  the  pipes  were  without 
water  while  the  work  of  cleaning  was  in  progress,  and  as  it  was 
not  thought  advisable  to  pass  the  scra])er  through  valves,  the  pipes 
were  cleaned  in  lengths  averaging  1,000  feet.  The  scraper  gener- 
ally passed  through  this  distance  in  from  three  to  four  minutes,  or 
about  as  fast  as  a  man  would  walk.  In  a  few  instances  the 
scraper  was  stopped  by  obstructions  in  the  pipe,  the  one  causing 


mM 


NEW   ENGLAND   WA^ER  WORKS   ASSOCIATION. 


343 


the  most  trouble  being  lead  which  had  run  into  the  pipe  at  a  joint. 
The  water  issuing  from  the  open  end  of  the  pipe  was  the  color  of 
ink  for  from  five  to  ten  minutes  after  the  scraper  had  passed  through, 
and  it  was  permitted  to  run  until  it  became  clear,  after  which  the 
section  of  pipe  was  replaced  and  the  valves  opened.  Some  diffi- 
culty was  experienced  from  the  stopping  of  service  pipes  and  hoiise 
plumbing  by  rust  forced  into  the  pipes  by  the  pressure  of  the  water 
following  the  scraper,  but  this  difficulty  could  be  generally  over- 
come by  applying  a  force  pump  to  the  house  plumbing  and  forcing 
the  obstructions  back  into  the  main. 

By  this  method  the  tubercles  were  removed  from  58,000  feet  of 
6-inch  pipe  at  a  cost  of  14  cents  per  foot,  and  from  20,300  feet  of 
12-inch  pipe  at  a  cost  of  20. G  cents  per  foot.  These  prices  include 
5  cents  per  foot  royalty  paid  for  the  right  to  use  the  scraper. 

As  was  the  case  at  St,  John,  a  great  improvement  was  made  in 
the  delivering  capacity  of  the  pipes  by  the  removal  of  the  coating 
of  tubercles.  Experiments  were  made  to  determine  the  friction  in 
the  pipes  both  before  and  after  cleaning  under  different  rates 
of  discharge.  The  discharge  was  measured  by  means  of  a  Dea- 
con meter,  and  the  friction  head  from  readings  of  Bourdon  gauges 
attached  to  the  fire  hydrants.  Very  great  accuracy  was  not  ex- 
pected in  these  experiments,  but  they  show  very  well  the  great  loss 
in  discharging  capacity,  caused  by  the  coating  of  tubercles  and  the 
gain  from  the  cleaning.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  discharge  of 
the  G-inch  tuberculated  pipes  was  from  25%  to  35%  of  the  quantity 
which  a  clean-coated  pipe  might  be  expected  to  deliver  under  the 
same  head,  and  that  the  discharging  capacity  of  the  pipe  was  more 
than  doubled  by  the  removal  of  the  tubercles. 

TuBKKCULATED   PiPE,   38   Yeaes   Old — Lkngth,  525   Feet  ;   Obiginal  Diame- 
ter. 6  Inches. 


Observed  Head. 

\'elocitv. 

Observed 

Value  of  c 

(,'alculatcd  dis- 

Feet  per 

Feet    per 

Disoharge. 

ill  form  111  a 

eharge  ot  clean 

pipe  under  same  h'd 

Darcy's  formula. 

1,000. 

Se  cond. 

Gallons. 

v  =  Cv^Ui. 

1.30 

0.38 

33.3 

29.5 

120 

2.50 

0.57 

50.0 

32.2 

165 

6.90 

0.95 

83.3 

32.3 

275 

14.40 

1.13 

100.0 

27.1 

395 

19.20 

1.32 

116.6 

27.1 

455 

25.40 

1.51 

133.3 

26.8 

525 

33.80 

1.70 

150.0 

26.1 

600 

344  JOURNAL  OF   THE 

Same  Pipe,  Aftbh  Clbanino,    Length,  525  Feet  ;  Obiohmal  Diameieb,  6  Ins. 


Obscrvefl  head. 

1 
Velocity. 

Observed  Dis- 

Feet per 

Feet  per         j 

charge,    (ial- 

1,000. 

Second. 

Ions  per  Minute. 

2.70 

0.76 

66.6 

1.50 

0.95 

83.3 

1.50 

1.13 

100.0 

3.86 

l.f)l 

133.3 

4.20 

1.70 

150.0 

6.60 

2.08 

183.3 

9.40 

2.46 

216.6 

Value  of  c 
in  formula 

v  =  Cv/kT. 


41.5 
68.8 
82.5 
69.4 
74.2 
73.1 
71.8 


Calculated  dis-    \ 
charge  of  clean 
pipe  under  same  h'd 
Darcy's  furmula. 


170 
125 
125 
205 
215 
265 
320 


S^ 


